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Explanation for:
Matthew
21
:
39
And taking him, they cast him forth out of the vineyard, and killed him.
12
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{"arr":[{"author-name":"Jerome of Stridon","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c88dcd3432c6dd41375498_Jerome%20of%20Stridon.png","category":"Holy Fathers and Teachers","century":4,"exegesis-text":"The apostle indicates that Jesus Christ was crucified outside the city, outside the gate (Hebrews 13:2). We can also interpret this to mean that He was cast out of the vineyard and there met His death, signifying the transfer of the vineyard to others as the Gentiles accepted Him."},{"author-name":"John Chrysostom","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c88ea76859f9f8e2ffd3ee_John%20Chrysostom.png","category":"Holy Fathers and Teachers","century":4,"exegesis-text":"Where do you plan to execute Him? Outside the vineyard. Do you notice how Christ predicts the exact location of His death? 'And taking him out of the vineyard, they killed him' (Luke 20:15). According to the account of the Evangelist Luke, Christ Himself revealed the suffering they would endure because of this, and they responded, 'Let it not be!' Yet He testified, 'When He looked at them, He said, \\"What does this scripture mean: the stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone?\\" And \\"Whoever falls on that stone will be shattered\\"' (Luke 20:16-18)."},{"author-name":"Epiphanius of Pavia","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c96d263b8c22d9c467bdab_no-pic-theosis.png","category":"Holy Fathers and Teachers","century":6,"exegesis-text":"In this parable, the landowner represents the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. The vineyard that He established symbolizes the Jewish people, rooted in the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who multiplied like the stars in the heavens and the grains of sand by the sea. They were delivered from slavery in Egypt and led through the sea into the Promised Land, as the prophet states: ‘Out of Egypt You carried the vine, You drove out the nations and planted it (Psalm 79:9).’ God planted the Jewish people in the Promised Land, a land flowing with milk and honey, so they might produce the fruit of His commandments. \\n\\nThe hedge around it signifies God’s provision of angelic protection. The clearing that was dug represents the holy Church, where the fruits of righteousness and holiness are harvested. Much like the pressing of grape clusters comes through toil, the holy martyrs shed their blood in trials and persecutions akin to the crushing of grapes. The tower erected in the center of the vineyard signifies our Lord, who stands as a strong tower amid the holy Church through the Virgin. By His presence, the saints and martyrs are shielded with spiritual armament against their adversary, the devil.\\n\\nAs the time for harvest approached, He sent His servants, the prophets, to the vinedressers, the law teachers, to collect what was His due. He had sent many prophets repeatedly to gather the fruits, yet they met them with violence, beatings, stones, and persecution, rebelling against the Lord in their contempt. They murdered Isaiah, stoned Jeremiah, persecuted Elijah, and executed John the Baptist. Any nation that persecutes its educators and fails to produce the fruits of the Gospel aligns itself with the Jews.\\n\\nUltimately, He sent His Son to them, proclaiming, ‘They will respect my son.’ The only Son of the Master is the Lord, the Son of God, who came to the vineyard per the Father’s will, symbolizing the nation of the Jews. However, when the vinedressers, the law teachers, saw the Son, they conspired among themselves, saying: ‘This is the heir; come, let us kill him and seize his inheritance.’ They seized Him, took Him out of the vineyard, and killed Him. They also crucified the Lord outside the city, shouting, ‘Let Him be crucified’ (Matthew 27:22).\\n\\nNow, when the vineyard owner returns, what will he do to those vinedressers? They replied: ‘He will bring these wicked men to a terrible end and will lease the vineyard to other vinedressers who will render Him the fruits in their season.’ They condemn themselves with their own words, exemplifying what the Lord means by speaking of Himself and their disbelief: ‘The stone which the builders rejected has become the cornerstone; therefore I say to you, the kingdom of God will be taken from you and given to a nation producing the fruits of it’ (Matthew 21:42-43)."},{"author-name":"John Damascene","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c88f1652142a026a0c6d53_John%20Damascene.png","category":"Holy Fathers and Teachers","century":8,"exegesis-text":"You, lawless individuals, are on the verge of completing what your ancestors began. They put the prophets to death, and you will also bring about the death of God, surpassing their wickedness! I am the Heir, the cornerstone that you have rejected, yet it will ultimately bring about your downfall. I will unify the heavenly and the earthly realms, raising up One Church composed of both angels and humanity. Those who were once adversaries of my Father will find reconciliation through me. I will declare peace, and as a sign of this peace, my blood will be shed for the redemption of the world."},{"author-name":"Theophylact of Bulgaria","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c8989296bafed9104677d7_Theophylact%20of%20Bulgaria.png","category":"Holy Fathers and Teachers","century":11,"exegesis-text":"The phrase \\"They led out of the vineyard and killed\\" signifies that Christ was executed away from the city. As previously indicated, the vineyard represents the people; thus, the Pharisees, who are the malevolent caretakers, crucified the Master’s Son outside this vineyard, detached from the will of the innocent multitude."},{"author-name":"Euthymios Zigabenos","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c96d263b8c22d9c467bdab_no-pic-theosis.png","category":"Christian Authors","century":11,"exegesis-text":"Outside the vineyard, which refers to the city; indeed, He was crucified outside the city limits. However, Mark indicates that He was slain first and then cast out of the vineyard. How are we to understand this? It appears that Mark (Mark 12:8) employs the term \\"cast out\\" in a different context, rather than simply meaning \\"deprived of the vineyard,\\" as they presumed."},{"author-name":"Nicephoros (Theotokis)","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c8958407451968d9c204fb_Nicephoros%20(Theotokis).png","category":"Christian Authors","century":18,"exegesis-text":"The ecclesiastical leaders and Pharisees observed Jesus Christ, who with remarkable insight and grace interpreted the Holy Scriptures and the divine laws, confronting their transgressions with a striking consistency and authority. He performed miracles with extraordinary power and dominion, even raising the dead from their graves. Although they refused to acknowledge Him as the Son of God and divine by nature, they recognized His celestial authority, capable of accomplishing all things. Consequently, they convened a council of the High Priests and Pharisees, posing the question, “What are we to do, for this man performs many signs?” (John 11:47-48). As recounted in the Gospel, they reasoned among themselves: “If we let Him continue, everyone will believe in Him.” They regarded Him as the one who had inherited authority, referring to Him as the ruler of their language. What was their resolution? “It is not advantageous for us that one man should die for the people, lest the entire nation perish” (John 11:50). This mirrors their intent: “Come, let us slay Him and seize His possessions.” The spiritually blind believed that through this act, they could claim His inheritance—essentially His power over their generation. Those who led Him away from their city reached “the place called the Skull” and crucified Him there (Luke 23:33). From this, we observe two significant points: first, the striking resemblance between the Pharisees' spoken intentions and their actions against the Savior; and second, that these words were not merely speculative, but prophetic, as the God-Man had foretold such events before they materialized."},{"author-name":"Michail (Lusin)","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c89550c567e172d15b3055_Michail%20(Lusin).png","category":"Christian Authors","century":19,"exegesis-text":"\\"They led out of the vineyard\\": if we interpret the vineyard as referring to the Old Testament Church in a broader sense, this would specifically point to Jerusalem as its visible sacred heart. In this context, the words of the Lord provide a clear indication of the precise location of His crucifixion, outside the walls of Jerusalem (cf. Heb. 12:13). St. Chrysostom clarifies these words by stating, \\"Observe how Jesus Christ foretells the exact site of His execution.\\" Additionally, Bl. Theophylact notes that just as the vineyard symbolizes the people, the phrase \\"out of the vineyard\\" signifies that the Pharisees, who were the wrongdoers, put the Lord to death without the consent of the innocent populace."},{"author-name":"Abbot Panteleimon about the Trinity","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c96d263b8c22d9c467bdab_no-pic-theosis.png","category":"Christian Authors","century":19,"exegesis-text":"The vinedressers, noticing the son from a distance, spoke to each other, saying, ‘This is the sole heir, the one destined to inherit the vineyard; come, let us eliminate him and seize his inheritance.’ They then captured him, took him away from the vineyard, and put him to death."},{"author-name":"Gladkow B.I.","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c88bf0ceef8c96e09a6521_Gladkow%20B.I..png","category":"Christian Authors","century":19,"exegesis-text":"It appeared that the moment had arrived to reclaim the vineyard from the unjust caretakers. However, the owner, filled with compassion, opted to make one final attempt: \\"I have,\\" he declared, \\"a cherished son; I will send him; surely, they will not dismiss him; perhaps they will feel shame and honor him.\\" Thus, the owner's son was sent to the vinedressers, who, spotting him from afar, recognized him as their rightful heir. Fearing the loss of the vineyard, they plotted to eliminate him. \\"Let us kill him,\\" they conspired, \\"and then the vineyard will belong to us forever.\\" Resolute in their scheme, they seized him, took his life, and cast him out of the vineyard. This parable deeply resonated with the crowd; when Jesus remarked that the vinedressers had slain the son and discarded him, the people, outraged by the treachery of the vinedressers, exclaimed in unison, \\"Let it not be so!\\" (Luke 20:16). The chief priests, scribes, Pharisees, and elders regarded the crowd with contempt, as though they were guilty offenders. Jesus' concluding remarks regarding the first parable made it clear that the second would also expose their wrongdoings. The transparency of this second parable was such that the leaders and corruptors among the Jewish people should have recognized themselves as the treacherous vine-growers; they should have understood that Jesus was aware of their intent to take his life. Indeed, they evidently comprehended... that Jesus, who referred to Himself as the Son of God, was already marked for death, though their plans had not yet come to fruition."},{"author-name":"Lopuchin A.P.","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c891400ee1341634d2276d_Lopuchin%20A.P..png","category":"Christian Authors","century":19,"exegesis-text":"Ultimately, he dispatched his Son, yet this Son, whom they acknowledged and could not fail to recognize, was also beaten, cast out, and slain by them."},{"author-name":"Alexander Gorsky","author-image":"https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6864003fdf3714da6ff0b33a/68c8884037c1e1c51e1332e2_Alexander%20Gorsky.png","category":"Christian Authors","century":19,"exegesis-text":"In a similar expression, the Lord continued to disclose that due to their obstinacy and evil opposition, not only were they affected, but the entire nation was losing the privilege of being the first to enter the kingdom of the Messiah. The new parable, shared with both the Pharisees and the crowd (Luke 20:9-19), was drawn from the imagery of a vineyard, which the Lord entrusted not for labor but gave to certain workers, dispatching them solely for the purpose of gathering fruits, sending them multiple times; yet the unworthy workers beat some, killed others, and stoned still others. Subsequently, He sent His Son: however, they resolved to kill Him too, seeking to seize the possessions of the Lord by force. Thus, they took Him, led Him outside the vineyard, and executed Him. There was no need for further explanation of this parable. Those it concerned recognized for themselves who the wicked tenants were. It was evident that the Lord, when queried about His authority as the Messiah, claimed the title of the Son of that Master, thereby setting Himself apart from all prior messengers."}]}
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